DESIGN OF HEAT EXCHANGER FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SYNTHESIS P B O PARTICLES

This study aims to develop and analyze the design of heat exchangers (HE) in the synthesis of PbO particles using a single precursor method. This type of HE shell and tube one-pass is designed to be simple. The specifications of HE equipment are shell length 1.5200 m, shell diameter 0.1361 m, outer tube diameter 0.0334 m, and thickness 0.0243 m. Then the calculation is done manually using the Microsoft Excel application. The results showed that the HE shell and tube design with the one pass type has a laminar flow, with an effective value of 84.66%. Therefore, this heat exchanger with shell and tube one meets the requirements and standards based on effectiveness, but without considering the fouling factor. The results of this analysis can be used as a learning medium in the design process, analysis of heat exchanger performance, and operating mechanisms. Kata


INTRODUCTION
Heat exchanger is an apparatus for transferring heat between two or more fluids that are separated by an appropriate wall and have different temperatures [1]. Many different types of industries utilize heat exchangers to transfer heat between various fluids in order to recover waste heat and lower utility costs. The efficiency of heat exchangers is greatly influenced by the thermal and physical characteristics of the heat transfer fluids [2]. The industrial processing of PbO particles is one use for the heat exchanger.
Various approaches have been developed for the synthesis of PbO particles, including ball milling-annealing method [13], physical vapor deposition method [14], chemical bath deposition method [15], and single precursor method [16].
Several studies on the design of heat exchangers have been conducted [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. In contrast to the studies mentioned, we analyze and evaluate the processes. Consequently, the purpose of this research is to design a heat exchanger to produce PbO particles. The designed heat exchanger is shell and tube type.
This study is expected to be a useful reference in designing heat exchangers, as well as a learning and teaching method starting from the design process, working mechanisms, to performance.

METHODS (1) Synthesis of PbO particles
The specific processing conditions and preparation procedures are shown in Figure 1. The procedure is adopted from the experiments of M. Nafees, et al [16]. To begin, PbCl2 and H2C2O4 are dissolved in distilled water under vigorous stirring at room temperature. Then, white precipitate of lead oxalate (PbC2O4) was formed which was collected and washed with absolute ethanol and distilled water several times to remove the traces of impurities. After that, PbC2O4 was dried by aging for 7 h at 60 °C. To make the oxide, dry PbC2O4 was heated for 3 h at 425 °C in a muffle furnace. After cooling naturally to room temperature, red-colored PbO was formed and collected for characterization. Chemical reactions involved in the synthesis are: H2C2O4 + PbCl2 → PbC2O4 + 2HCl PbC2O4 → PbO + CO2 + CO Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the PbO particle preparation process using the coprecipitation method.
(2) Mathematical model for designed heat exchanger The hot fluid used is oleic acid, while the cold fluid is water. The hot fluid enters at 450 °C and leaves at a temperature of 25 °C. The cold fluid enters at 20 °C and leaves at 90 °C. The assumptions used for the fluid characteristics operating in the heat exchanger is shown in Table 1. The incoming oleic acid flow rate is 3 (kg/s) while the incoming water flow rate is 2 (kg/s). In data collection, the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA) Standard was used as the reference regarding the specifications, while the thermal analysis is in the form of manual calculations using the basic Microsoft Excel application based on equations 1-27, follow what has been done by Nandiyanto, et al [29]. The heat exchange parameters that were calculated is shown in Table 2.
Correction factor

RESULT
The complete calculation results are shown in Table 3.

DISCUSSION
The calculation shows that the transferred energy value ( ) is 3042762 W with a shell length of 1.5200 m, a shell diameter of 0.1361 m, an inner diameter of 0.0160 m, and an outer diameter of 0.0334 m. The wall thickness, tube length and tube pitch were 0.0243 m, 4.2672 m, 0.0277 m; respectively. The effectiveness of heat exchanger was found to be 84.66% which indicates the actual heat transfer rate that was divided by the maximum heat transfer rate. The total heat exchanger performance is also determined by the specific heat of the fluid, density viscosity, and thermal conductivity.
The designed heat exchanger design model is shown in Fig. 2. PbO synthesis requires a heating temperature of 450 °C and then cooled at room temperature in the range of 20-25 °C. Therefore, the hot fluid used is oleic acid and the cold fluid is water. The hot fluid enters at a temperature of 450 °C and leaves at a temperature of 25 °C. The cold fluid enters at 20 °C and leaves at 90 °C. After a red particle formed, the process to production the PbO particle has finished. Therefore, this heat exchanger with shell and tube one meets the requirements and standards based on effectiveness, but without the calculation of the fouling factor.

Design of Heat Exchanger for The Production of Synthesis PbO Particles
Vena 1 *, Nandiyanto 2 , Ragadhita 3 , et al. Figure 2. PFD on the synthesis of PbO particles.

CONCLUSION
Calculation of the heat exchanger specifications obtained shell length of 1.5200 m, shell diameter of 0.1361 m, inner diameter of 0.0160 m, outer tube diameter of 0.0334 m, wall thickness of 0.0243 m, tube length 4.2672 m, and tube pitch 0.0277 m. Based on the calculations performed through Microsoft Excel, the results show that the heat exchanger design on the shell and tube that fits is a laminar flow type, with an effectiveness of 84.66%. Therefore, this heat exchanger with shell and tube one meets the requirements and standards based on effectiveness, but without the calculation of the fouling factor.